Doppler waveform analysis involves evaluating the spectral waveform shape, peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity, and derived indices such as resistive index and pulsatility index. High-resistance waveforms show high systolic peaks and minimal or absent diastolic flow (e.g., external carotid artery, peripheral arteries at rest). Low-resistance waveforms show broad peaks with continuous forward diastolic flow (e.g., internal carotid artery, renal arteries, hepatic arteries). Waveform analysis guides diagnosis across vascular, abdominal, and obstetric applications.