Testicular carcinoma refers to malignant tumors arising within the testis. It is the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35. The main types are seminomas and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. On ultrasound, testicular cancer most commonly appears as a solid, hypoechoic (dark) mass within the testis, often with increased vascularity on color Doppler. Larger tumors may be heterogeneous with areas of necrosis, calcification, or cystic change. The key principle is that any solid intratesticular mass should be considered malignant until proven otherwise. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging tool when a patient presents with a testicular lump, pain, or swelling, and it reliably distinguishes intratesticular masses (which may be malignant) from extratesticular masses (which are usually benign).
Sonography Term