Archives: Conditions

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) features many ovarian follicles, irregular cycles, and androgen excess. Ultrasound shows ≥12 follicles per ovary.

Fetal hydrops is abnormal fluid in two or more fetal compartments. Ultrasound shows skin edema, ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion.

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Ultrasound shows non-compressible appendix >6mm with periappendiceal fluid; first-line in children.

Fibroadenomas are benign breast masses common in young women. Ultrasound shows oval, well-circumscribed, hypoechoic lesions, parallel to skin.

Splenomegaly is splenic enlargement >12cm. Ultrasound measures size and detects cysts, lymphoma, or infarcts; common in portal hypertension.

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common kidney cancer in adults. Ultrasound shows solid renal mass; CT or MRI confirms staging and venous extension.

Pericardial effusion is fluid in the sac around the heart. Echocardiography distinguishes a small effusion from cardiac tamponade in seconds.

Mitral regurgitation is backward flow through the mitral valve. Echocardiography with color and spectral Doppler grades severity from mild to severe.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. Ultrasound screens cirrhotic patients; CT or MRI confirms with washout pattern.

Aortic stenosis is narrowing of the aortic valve. Echocardiography defines severity and drives surgical timing. ASE grading thresholds explained.